THE INCREASE OF FERTILIZER AND ANIMAL FEED : WHY?

THE INCREASE of fertilizer and animal feed increase and affedt the food production globally.  A question of why have fertiliser and feed prices risen?. I refer to a report by US Department of Agriculture stated that fertiliser prices have doubled in the last year due to a combination of factors. These include such as War in Ukraine in which prior to Russia’s most recent invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Reported that Russia and Belarus were responsible for a significant size and proportion of global fertiliser exports. UN Food and Agriculture Organisation data shows that in 2019 in which Russia alone accounted supply for 19% of potassium, 15% of nitrogen and 14% of phosphorous fertiliser exports while Belarus accounted for 18% of potassium fertiliser exports. Reported that although fertiliser imports from Russia are still permitted in the US, UK and many other nations actually the sanctions have disrupted the sale of fertilisers from Russia. Banks and traders have steered clear of Russian supplies and it creating a shortage. Furthermore in the UK has imposed a 35% tariff on Russian fertiliser over and above existing tariffs. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" blog I rewrite an issue about the increase of fertilizer and animal feed globally.

Reported on 1 February 2022, Lithuania also halted the export of Belarusian potassium fertiliser (potash) through its port in Klaipeda. Potash is vital for global food security and World Bank figures show that potash prices more than doubled following the export ban. High energy costs: Rises in gas prices have increased the costs of fertiliser production. Ofgem figures show that wholesale gas prices on 26 April 2022 were up 284% in 12 months. Natural gas is used as both a raw material and energy source in fertiliser production. Reported from sources that in late May 2022 that gas now represents up to “90% of the variable costs in fertiliser production”. High global demand and prices for agricultural produce: High prices for some agricultural products have encouraged some farmers to purchase more fertiliser to grow more crops, driving up prices. Statistics from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) show that the price index for UK agricultural products increased by 11.8% in the 12 months to March 2022. Figures from the World Bank show that fertilisers are now at their least affordable levels since the 2008 global food crisis following robust demand. A limited supply of materials: Some countries have introduced export bans that have increased global prices further. In 2021 stated that China introduced export controls on fertilisers including nitrogen and phosphate to limit a rise in domestic food prices. Beijing’s move had exacerbated a shortage of global supplies and helped contribute to a surge in global prices. According to Mr Nash, China is unlikely to ease these restrictions this year as it had previously indicated it would. Reliance on fertiliser imports and a lack of competition in the fertiliser industry: The UK produces 40% of its fertiliser requirements. However, one of the UK’s two major fertiliser plants has permanently closed, with its owners having cited high energy bills and  environmental taxes as key drivers behind the decision. In early June 2022, CF Fertilisers shut its Ince manufacturing plant near Chester where production had been suspended since September. The closure of the Ince plant has raised concerns about a lack of competition in the UK fertiliser industry. Imports are farmers’ only alternative to the UK’s one remaining fertiliser plant, also owed by CF Fertilisers.

Animal feed is increasing in cost largely due to the price of sunflower meal (a by-product of sunflower oil), soyabean and wheat. Figures from Our World in Data at the University of Oxford show that in 2019, Ukraine was responsible for nearly half of global sunflower oil exports and Russia and Ukraine combined were responsible for almost two thirds. In addition Russia was the world’s biggest wheat exporter in 2019 and Ukraine the fourth biggest. The majority of global soyabean supplies come from the USA and Brazil in which it is accounting for 69% combined in 2018. Furthermore due to the war in Ukraine has disrupted exports of Ukrainian agricultural produce. Typically, 90% of Ukraine’s grain is exported by sea but these exports have been held up by Russian blockades of Ukraine’s Black Sea coast. Figures from the World Bank show that the cost of sunflower meal increased by 6.4% in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. On 20 June 2022, wheat prices were also up 56% year on year. This increase in the price of wheat is reflected in the cost of wheat-based animal feed in the UK. AHDB figures show that UK pelleted wheat feed prices rose by around 60% in the 12 months to May 2022. Poor harvests due to drought have reduced soyabean supplies from the USA and Brazil. Figures from the World Bank show that soyabean prices increased by 14.3% in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Melaka,

Malaysia.

(December 2024).

Updated on May 2026.

HIGH TEMPERATURE IN MALAYSIA

THE HIGH TEMPERATURE started in from February to April 2026 and prolonged dry spells in Malaysia, particularly during El Nino-induced heatwaves, are causing significant damage to crops, reducing yields, and increasing operational costs for farmers, according to reports by the New Straits Times (NST) portal. reported that based on recent (March 2026) reports, the key impacts on Malaysian agriculture include for the Padi Production Affected in which over 13,000 hectares of padi fields in Perak (specifically Seberang Perak and Sungai Manik) have been affected by water supply shortages. Similarly, hundreds of hectares of rice fields in Kedah, Negri Sembilan, and Melaka are experiencing stunted growth and dry conditions with potential yields threatened by up to 30%–80% in extreme scenarios. In other case in which in Cameron Highlands Vegetable Yields farmers are on alert as high temperatures exceeding 30°C in the northern states indicate that warmer, drier conditions will soon hit the highlands, affecting temperate vegetable farming and reducing yields. Earlier reports noted smaller, sour strawberry harvests due to heat stress. Issue of Water Scarcity and Costs whereby the farmers are facing rising operational costs due to the need for increased water usage, including installing pumps and water tanks. In other case the mixed effects on fruits seen in which some reports indicate that prolonged heat has boosted the quality and sweetness of Harumanis mangoes (MA224) in the northern peninsula, it also poses challenges in terms of crop management, requiring more intensive irrigation to prevent wilting. The impact also occure for livestock that stress in which the high temperatures have caused livestock, such as cattle, to suffer from heat stress, with some farmers losing cattle, which in turn leads to significant economic losses. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" blog explained the issue on high temperature affect food supply in Malaysia as reported by local mainstream media.

Reported recently that the Agriculture and Food Security Ministry has outlined four key initiatives to address the impact of the ongoing heatwave and supply uncertainties stemming from conflicts in the Middle East. The measures include the implementation of the dry direct seeding method for padi, increasing the national rice buffer stock, conducting cloud seeding operations, and providing financial aid to affected farmers. The Minister Datuk Seri Mohamad Sabu said that to mitigate the effects of the hot weather and boost dam levels, the ministry, through the Muda Agricultural Development Authority (Mada), will roll out the dry direct seeding technique. Government also working on cloud seeding operations in hopes of inducing rain over the dam catchment areas. The affected farmers will be assessed for assistance under the Padi Crop Takaful Scheme in which the dry direct seeding method involves tilling the soil while dry before sowing seeds on the field surface. Typically used during the first planting season, the technique significantly planned to reduce water consumption. MADA previously reported that the prolonged drought and extreme heat could cause padi yields to drop by up to 30 per cent in which that high temperatures interfere with critical processes in padi formation. Mada oversees nearly 83,000 hectares of padi fields in Kedah and to ensure proactive future planning, Mohamad said the ministry's post-cabinet meeting last week approved the establishment of the National Padi and Rice Industry Consultative Committee (JKPIPB). MADA described the committee as an official platform bringing together industry players, including farmer representatives, associations, and non-governmental organisations, to resolve industry issues collectively and transparently. Meanwhile, to ensure the national rice supply remains stable amidst global uncertainty, Mohamad said the government will increase the national rice buffer stock by 100,000 metric tonnes through Padiberas Nasional Bhd. This increase will bring the total national rice buffer stock to 300,000 metric tonnes.

Malaysia's food security remains stable supported by sufficient supply and manageable affordability compared with neighbouring and regional countries. Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof, however, said this stable position should not lead to complacency, stressing the need for a comprehensive long-term policy framework. He said Malaysia is currently facing rising logistics costs and sharp increases in imported agricultural input prices, particularly grain, corn, and chemical fertilisers. When input costs rise, it triggers a domino effect, leading to global food price inflation. This is the burden ultimately borne by the people. Our dependence on external supply chains makes us vulnerable to global economic shocks as his speech at the launch of the National Food Security Policy 2030 (DKMN 2030). He described the current global situation as a 'perfect storm' is not a single disruption, but a combination of multiple crises occurring simultaneously, destabilising global food supply chains. He highlighted four critical factors driving the situation: extreme climate events such as prolonged droughts that dry up catchment areas, unexpected floods that submerge farms, and crop yields severely affected; increasingly complex crop and livestock diseases that are difficult to predict and control; international conflicts disrupting global fertiliser and grain supply chains, affecting price stability and domestic food supplies; and competition for land use between industrial development and the preservation of agricultural areas. Fertile land is shrinking, replaced by concrete jungles in the pursuit of modernisation and Malaysia already achieved, good self-sufficiency ratios (SSR) in several sectors, including livestock and fisheries. Malaysia are very strong in poultry meat and egg production. The 2024 SSR for chicken has reached 92.9 per cent, while eggs have reached 107 per cent. For crops, the SSR for fruits is strong at 96.8 per cent, while tropical vegetables stand at 83 per cent.

Reported that 'Rice crops stunted due to heat in which prolonged hot weather has impacted paddy plants. It is estimated that about 100 hectares of paddy fields that rely on rainwater and hill water sources have been affected nationwide due to the current hot weather. According to the  Malaysian Farmers' Association (PESAWAH) exco member Abdul Rashid Yob said prolonged hot weather has impacted paddy plants as it can cause water in the fields to diminish, resulting in dry rice paddy fields. He said this condition will affect the growth of rice plants, and when the situation worsens, the rice plants will be stunted, and the grains will become affected or non-existent. They started receiving complaints of stunted rice plants involving farmers in Perak, Negri Sembilan, and Melaka when they were unable to harvest rice according to the planting schedule. On average, their crops are over two months old, but they have to leave them in the fields because the rice plants are not bearing fruit due to the excessively dry fields and an estimated 50 farmers have been affected, and they are facing significant losses as they have already invested capital in planting rice. He said although the case does not involve many farmers, it should not be taken lightly as those affected also contribute to the country's food security and the government needs to take this matter seriously as there are forecasts that the current El Nino phenomenon-induced hot season is expected to last longer.  The hot weather will cause limited water to be available, and more farmers will be affected. Farmers in the Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (Kada) also face water source problems due to the lack of a systematic irrigation system adn such problems need to be addressed from the beginning; relevant agencies need to play a role in assisting affected farmers, either by upgrading irrigation facilities or providing appropriate assistance for farmers to survive. The country will lose more rice yields for the next season due to extreme hot weather conditions.

By,
M Anem,
Senior Agronomist Expert,
Room 507, Micasa All Suite Hotel,

Kuala Lumpur, 
Malaysia.

(April 2026).

HOT AND DRY TEMPERTURE IN MALAYSIA

IN MALAYSIA recently the north-east monsoon is usually linked to heavy rain, but in the northern states of Peninsular Malaysia namely as Penang, Kedah and Perlis the later months bring weeks of hot and dry weather which is welcomed by padi and Harumanis mango farmers. While other states may still experience rainy weather, these three states are now facing dry and hot conditions that farmers welcome. For the harumanis entrepreneur known as Hamid said the fruits thrive under the current conditions, requiring an optimal temperature of around 32°C to develop their distinctive aroma and sweetness where the hot, dry weather helps the Harumanis ripen evenly and enhances its fragrance. The former teacher said some trees have started flowering, while many others are yet to bloom and the current heat is ideal for flowering and allowing the buds to develop properly. Hamid said that if the hot and dry conditions persist, fruiting could begin as early as February next year, with the possibility of an early harvest by March 2026. In other case a padi farmer known as Ismail from Kuala Nerang, said most farmers in his area have already begun their second planting season, with the harvest expected in middle or late January. While the dry weather was good, it also posed other challenges where the dry season often brings increased threats to our crops, with rats, rice pests and various diseases becoming particularly problematic. He added that this would force farmers to use more pesticides, a practice that raised the risk of 'padi kesing”' that caused stunted padi from normal growth. Our expectation is to harvest in January 2026 but if the dry season drags on the impact, it can be difficult for most padi farmers in Kedah. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" I share the issue of hot and high temperature incident in Kedah and surrounding this year.

Kedah and Perlis are the major area growing Manga Harumanis but if the weather turns unfavourable, delaying the next harvesting mango season may be changed the quality and quantity of which the farmer is considering. A report bya researcher from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) atmospheric physicist Associate Prof Dr Yusri Yusup said the north-east monsoon brings in strong winds with minimal rainfall is a pattern expected to continue until early January 2026. He said there would be some rain, but not as heavy, with the second phase of the monsoon, and that the timing of the dry and wet phases could vary by about two weeks. Unlike last year, we are not expecting extreme heat, as persistent cloud cover is likely to remain over the region until mid-January 2026. He  added that rainfall would help lower temperatures temporarily, but heat is expected to build up again during the final phase of the north-east monsoon and the spring equinox, when the region typically receives little rain and experiences strong solar radiation.In other statement the Penang Water Supply Corporation (PBAPP) chief executive officer Datuk K. Pathmanathan said Penang’s current dam reserves and regular operational management could sustain water supply until April 2026. He said the projection was based on steady river flow from Sungai Muda, normal drawdown rates without sudden surges in consumption and the absence of prolonged zero-rainfall periods. Currently, the Air Itam Dam has an effective storage of 1,955 million litres (ML), with about 89 days of supply remaining until early March 2026.vAlthough the dam alone cannot support demand until April 2026, it is typically operated alongside Sungai Muda through transfer and balancing. Reported that the Teluk Bahang Dam has about 297 days of supply available, sufficient to last until October 2026. Its effective storage stands at 17,720 ML. Added another main reservoir, the Mengkuang Dam, will have 132 days of supply that started from Dec 6, and the reserve is projected to last until mid-April 2026, meeting the April target but with limited buffer. PBAPP has activated a series of contingency measures to safeguard Penang’s water security amid prolonged dry conditions and will maximise abstraction from Sungai Muda at the Lahar Tiang intake as long as river levels remain above alert thresholds. A controlled drawdown strategy will also be enforced, involving staggered releases from the Air Itam, Teluk Bahang and Mengkuang dams to maximise overall yield. During extended dry spells, the higher-capacity Teluk Bahang and Mengkuang reservoirs will be prioritised.

Also reported that recently Malaysia sees persistently high temperatures amid heatwave where several parts of the country have seen temperatures soar above 36°C earlier this week, with the Meteorological Department forecasting the mercury to hover at about 35°C in most parts of the country daily until early May 2026. It’s been crazy weather in the country, with stiflingly hot, arid days and sweltering afternoons in some parts, followed by downpours and thunderstorms in the evening in others and it’s likely to stay that way for the next week or so, say weather experts. Several parts of the country have seen temperatures soar above the 36°C heatwave level earlier this week with the Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) forecasting the mercury to hover at about 35°C in most parts of the country daily until early May 2026. The east coast states are facing droughts, the dam levels are falling in Penang but in the Klang Valley during the evening thunderstorms are causing havoc, even landslides. Fellow at Academy of Sciences Malaysia Dr Fredolin Tangang said that thunderstorms were typical during the inter-monsoon periods that the country was currently facing. The current hot and dry spell is likely due to the suppressed convection associated with Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) which is likely to continue for about a week or two. He explained that MJO is a mode of climate variability that occurs due to atmosphere and ocean interaction. It typically occurs once in 20 to 60 days. While its current effect is hot and dry spells over our region, its enhanced convection can enhance rainfall as well and the nation was still in the inter-monsoon period between April and May where winds are weaker and not blowing in any particular direction. During daytime heat can make way for afternoon and evening thunderstorms, particularly in the west of the peninsula and Klang Valley. According to MetMalaysia, Perlis is expected to have 35°C temperatures until May 1 while Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Kuala Lumpur are expected to be at around 34°C in the same time period. The other states, including Sabah and Sarawak, will average around 33°C during the day in the coming week or so. 

Reported that the night temperatures are expected to average at 24°C in Perlis, Kuala Lumpur, Negri Sembilan, Johor, Selangor and Melaka throughout the week. The remaining states’ night temperatures were forecast to be a chilly 23°C on average with Sabah, in particular, expected to go as low as 22°C. According to Senior lecturer at Universiti Malaya’s Department of Geography Dr Sheeba Chenoli also attributed the current weather to the MJO. She said the weather is expected to get drier as the inter-monsoon period gives way to the southwest monsoon. The phenomenon is not just in Malaysia. The hot weather, she said, was also felt in other countries in the region, particularly Laos, Thailand and Myanmar. She said these countries could expect even drier conditions in the coming months. Universiti Malaya meteorologist and climatologist Prof Datuk Dr Azizan Abu Samah said the weather was expected to remain hot, particularly in north of the peninsula. Kedah and Perlis now have hot days with cloudless mornings and thunderstorms in the evenings. Thanks...

By,
M Anem,
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
(April 2026).

HIGH TEMPERATURE AFFECT FOOD SUPPLY

THE HIGH TEMPERATURE started in from February to April 2026 and prolonged dry spells in Malaysia, particularly during El Nino-induced heatwaves, are causing significant damage to crops, reducing yields, and increasing operational costs for farmers, according to reports by the New Straits Times (NST) portal. reported that based on recent (March 2026) reports, the key impacts on Malaysian agriculture include for the Padi Production Affected in which over 13,000 hectares of padi fields in Perak (specifically Seberang Perak and Sungai Manik) have been affected by water supply shortages. Similarly, hundreds of hectares of rice fields in Kedah, Negri Sembilan, and Melaka are experiencing stunted growth and dry conditions with potential yields threatened by up to 30%–80% in extreme scenarios. In other case in which in Cameron Highlands Vegetable Yields farmers are on alert as high temperatures exceeding 30°C in the northern states indicate that warmer, drier conditions will soon hit the highlands, affecting temperate vegetable farming and reducing yields. Earlier reports noted smaller, sour strawberry harvests due to heat stress. Issue of Water Scarcity and Costs whereby the farmers are facing rising operational costs due to the need for increased water usage, including installing pumps and water tanks. In other case the mixed effects on fruits seen in which some reports indicate that prolonged heat has boosted the quality and sweetness of Harumanis mangoes (MA224) in the northern peninsula, it also poses challenges in terms of crop management, requiring more intensive irrigation to prevent wilting. The impact also occure for livestock that stress in which the high temperatures have caused livestock, such as cattle, to suffer from heat stress, with some farmers losing cattle, which in turn leads to significant economic losses. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" blog explained the issue on high temperature affect food supply in Malaysia as reported by local mainstream media.

Reported also the Cameron Highlands farmers on alert as heatwave threatens vegetable yields whereby vegetable farmers in Cameron Highlands are on alert following the prolonged hot and dry spell in the northern states, with past weather patterns suggesting similar conditions could reach the highlands by April or May 2026. According to the Cameron Highlands Chinese Farmers Association deputy president Cheng Nan Hong said historical trends show that when temperatures in northern states exceed 30°C for a prolonged period, the highlands typically average at 23°C with at the greenhouse temperatures reaching 28°C. He said such temperatures were not optimal for temperate vegetable farming and could significantly reduce yields. As for now, temperatures remain manageable, as Cameron Highlands is typically warmer after the hot and dry spell in Kedah, Penang and Perlis subsides. If temperatures in Ipoh climb to about 36°C in April or May, the average temperature in Cameron Highlands could reach 23°C, translating to around 28°C in greenhouses and if this happens, mild-weather vegetables will wilt and production will be badly affected. The hot and dry spell in the northern states has persisted since early January, with Kedah the worst affected. The Meteorological Department said temperatures in the state have reached between 37°C and 40°C, with little to no rainfall over the past three months. A Kedah-based poultry operator, Mazlina Kamarudin, said the prolonged heat had forced operators to incur additional costs for water supply logistics but the production was stable with sufficient supply. The additional cost for water supply is not significant to the point that chicken and egg prices need to be increased where prolonged or worsening conditions could eventually affect production. According to Malaysian Coastal Fishermen's Network Education and Welfare Association chairman Che Ani Mat Zain said the prevailing weather pattern had also affected coastal fishing, although it is not a new phenomenon. For them this is not new to us. It has been happening since the 1970s, but climate change has intensified the heat during this period in the northern states.

Reported on mainstream media in which over 13,000ha of padi fields in Kedah and Perak affected by hot weather first quarter in 2026. Above are phote of a padi field in Kampung Tebuk Panchor in Bagan Serai, Perak that severely affected by the hot and dry weather recently. Padi fields in the Seberang Perak Irrigation Scheme and Sungai Manik Irrigation Scheme located in the Perak Tengah and Hilir Perak districts have been affected by the hot weather phenomenon and it is understood that the padi fields covering an area of ​​13,356ha are facing water supply problems due to the hot and dry weather and the lack of rain recently and this incident has affected padi growth. Stated that state government would submit the issue to the relevant parties to find the best solution to ease the burden of about 5,561 padi farmers and ensure that padi yields continue to be guaranteed. During inspection the area yesterday and it is very serious because it affects the padi industry in the Seberang Perak Integrated Agricultural Development Area (IADA) which is one of the country's main padi granaries. Also steted that assistance from the Perak Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) to add water pumps to provide a more stable water supply to the padi fields. The government asked to bear the cost of purchasing diesel for water pumps because it was found that farmers had to bear the cost of diesel for water pumps provided by IADA and DID and urged the farmers and the people to perform prayers to ask for abundant rain. reported that two days ago, the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) announced that the entire state of Perlis, four districts in Kedah and one district in Perak had recorded a Level 2 heat wave, while 13 other areas in Peninsular Malaysia were at Level 1, which is on alert. and according to MetMalaysia, Level 2 is declared when the daily maximum temperature exceeds between 37 and 40 degrees Celsius for at least three consecutive days, while Level 1 refers to the daily maximum temperature between 35 and 37°C during the same period. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist,

Room 507, Micasa All-Suite Hotel,

Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

(April 2026)

ABOUT ORCHIDS POTENTIAL IN MALAYSIA

ORCHIDS are the largest and most diverse of the flowering plant families. Their exotic beauty, complexity and rainbow of colours are unrivalled in the plant world. They are among the most popular species of plants anywhere in the world. They are used to brighten up many places from walkways to posh restaurants and airports. It isn’t difficult to learn how to take care of orchid plants. They require very little care once all their basic needs, such as the amount of sun light, humidity and water they get, are met. Most orchids require moist, well-draining conditions. You can use clay or terracotta pots with several types of growing media like fir bark, rocks, charcoal, sand or potting soil. You can grow orchids on trees too. Growing them on trees saves not only space but also money as you don’t have to buy pots and re-pot every few months.  In fact, those who love this exotic flowering plant prefer to plant them on trees as they grow better and healthier than in pots. Orchids originate in diverse habitats, from treetops in full sun to shaded swamps. In the blog "Anim Agriculture Technology" I write about orchid chit-chat ccolumn about orchid potential as a commodity for domestic and export market.

The first thing you would need to do is to evaluate your garden’s exposure, and select the appropriate species and hybrids. Many varieties are suitable for intermediate conditions. A local orchid nursery can help make selections for you after you briefly tell them the conditions of your garden. Choose a tree that receives adequate light to plant the orchids you have selected. Next, start attaching the orchids to the tree with a string when root activity of the orchids starts. Many orchids produce roots year round, so they can be established on trees at any time. Tie the orchids as high up as possible, but not in the area where it will be shaded by the branches of the tree as this could deter their growth. Set the plants directly on the trunk to increase their ability to cling to the host. Do not add a pad of sphagnum moss, or other medium as this would keep the surface too wet and induce rot. Fertilise the orchids weekly or bi-weekly when they are producing new growth and decrease it to monthly or bi-monthly intervals once they mature. Provide adequate care, especially during the first few months after the orchids are attached to a tree. Keep an eye out for signs of pests or diseases. They may come occasionally because of the moist conditions. Also, mist with a hose, or run a sprinkler line-up in the tree to keep the orchids cool especially during hot weather conditions. Some species may require higher humidity and more frequent mistings. Remove the string once the roots have attached to the tree. Keeping the strings on may prevent the orchids’ growth and they could eventually die. Once established and well cared for, orchids last for many years and produce flowers multiple times. It will give your garden a new feel. Thanks...

By,

M Anim,

Apmt No 1, 9th Floor,

Geo38 Tower, Genting Highland,

Benting, Pahang,

Malaysia.

(29 August 2020).

Updated

30 Mac 2026.

BAMBOO HARVESTING AND USAGE

HAPPY HARI RAYA AIDILFITRI 2026!

THE BAMBOO PLANT is best harvested for construction (culms) at 3-7 years of age during the dry season (post-monsoon) to minimize starch content, reducing pest susceptibility, ideally just before sunrise. For food the shoots (or called as 'Rebung' in Malay) are harvested in spring when 6-12 inches high. Proper selection and using sharp tools are avoiding damage to the rhizome are critical for sustainable harvesting (see phote above). First the most important way for harvesting bamboo called 'Harvesting Bamboo Poles' ot the Bamboo Timber is the timing in which the end of the rainy season or the start of the dry season is ideal to minimize sugar or the starch levels, which attracts pests. The suitable age for maturity culms (from 3 - 7 years old) are best for strength and durability. Normally the young, light green culms (0 - 2 years) are too soft, while those over 7 years start losing strength. For the selestion in Malaysia ia to look for dark green or grey-green culms rather than bright green. The technique is to use a sharp saw or machete to cut close to the ground, above the first or second node. Avoid dragging or dropping cut culms during handling to prevent cracking. Second is Harvesting Bamboo Shoots (Food) in which the timing during spring, when new shoots emerge, is the prime time. The shoots cut wasa between 6 - 12 inches long are generally ideal, though some may be tender up to a foot. Use a spade or specialized tool to cut the shoot at or just below the soil level. For better sustainability advice to only harvest about half of the available shoots, allowing enough to grow into mature culms to replenish the grove. Practice to harvest in early morning reduces moisture weight (See photo above). As maintenance regularly removing older, dead culms improves the health of the grove. The best storage if not cooking immediately is to keep shoots in a cool, dark place or, for short periods, with the root nodule attached. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" blog I share about harvesting bamboo ans popular product.

Based on reports from the New Straits Times (NST) and related Malaysian agricultural developments, bamboo harvesting in Malaysia is being developed as a sustainable, high-potential agrocommodity, particularly for the furniture, construction, and biomass industries. Key aspects include: Harvesting Cycle & Sustainability: Bamboo is a fast-growing, sustainable resource that can typically be harvested within 3–5 years of planting. Once mature, 20 - 25% of the poles in a plantation can be harvested annually without reducing the overall number of poles per hectare, preventing deforestation. Harvesting Techniques:Shoots: Farmers harvest shoots by snapping them off at soil level or, for deeper roots, digging around them and cutting with sharp tools, such as small hoes or curved knives, to avoid damaging the main clump. About the poles selection the mature bamboo poles are typically cut near the base using tools like machetes (small-scale) or chainsaws (large-scale). The best timing or optimal harvesting occurs at the end of the rainy season or the start of the dry season to minimize pest susceptibility (See photo above). In Malaysia reported that The FGV Agri Services Sdn Bhd has established plantations (e.g., in Chiku 4, Gua Musang) focusing on Betong bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) or locally known as 'Buluh Betong' in which is used for construction, furniture, and feedstock. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board (MTIB) is promoting bamboo cultivation through soft loans and research to reduce the trade deficit as support to this program. The government is exploring converting 420,000 hectares of underutilized or abandoned rubber plantations into bamboo farms. Despite high potential, the industry faces challenges, including labor shortages, pest management, and land availability for large-scale planting. There are approximately 59 species found in Peninsular Malaysia, including genera like Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Racemobamboos, Schizostachyum, Thyrsostachys and Gigantochloa. Bamboo is seen as a 'green gold' alternative to timber, providing substantial ecological benefits like soil conservation and carbon sequestration.

The Malaysian bamboo industry is expanding, aiming to capitalize on a global market projected to reach nearly US$100 billion by 2028. Under the Malaysia Bamboo Industry Development Action Plan 2021-2030, the focus is on developing value-added products like engineered flooring, panels, furniture, and sustainable construction materials. Despite high potential, growth faces challenges from limited plantation land, with exports valued at RM9.9 million in 2018. Key insights on bamboo products from NST and related industry reports:Construction and Furniture in which bamboo is recognized as a sustainable alternative to timber for flooring, fencing, furniture, and structural applications. Innovative applications include using bamboo for eco-friendly cooling tower grids. For skincare the bamboo extracts are used in high-end skincare, such as cleansers, essences, and emulsions, noted for their hydrating properties. The industry is crucial for green initiatives, with the Ministry of Plantation and Commodities encouraging more land allocation for bamboo cultivation to meet rising demand. The industry, regulated by the Malaysian Timber Industry Board (MTIB), seeks to overcome a trade deficit by enhancing downstream, high-value products rather than just raw material exports. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist,

Melaka,

Malaysia.

(Febuary 2026).

TALK ABOUT BLACK THORN DURIAN

There are more thag 220 durian varieties (Durio zibethinus)  registered in Malaysia in which the criteria for identifying and grading the premium Black Thorn durian (D200) focus on its unique physical characteristics and taste profile are esplained in this article. First about External Physical Characteristics of this durian about the shape which is round and plump, similar to a small pumpkin or watermelon. Talk about the name of 'black thorn' refers as 'A small, dark, withered stamen (dried flower piece) remains at the bottom of the fruit' are the most relevan and this is often found within a concave 'navel' or indent at the base. Talk about the husk and spikes normally the husk is typically a dull greyish-green or greenish-brown and the thorns have green bases with dark brown tips. Talk about the stem: whis is notably short and stubby and often described as being only as long as a thumb. About their weight in which the premium Grade A fruits typically weigh between 2.0 kg and 3.0 kg, though some can exceed 5 kg. Second criteria about durian Back Thorn interm of the Internal Flesh and Texture Color where it features a vibrant deep orange to rosy flame hue. Older trees produce a darker and more 'rusty' orange flesh. The core markings of this varieties as a signature trait is a thick core with a reddish-brown line or 'drain' running down the center. About the flesh texture reported that it extremely smooth, silky, and custard-like also it is almost fiberless and has a thin, translucent skin over the pulp. Enjoy durian refer to the taste and Aroma Profile Flavor Complexity in whicah a perfect balance of intense sweetness followed by a subtle bitterness and a faint alcoholic or wine-like aftertaste.
Aroma: Pungent but with distinct floral and sweet notes, often described as less aggressive and more "perfume-like" than the Musang King. Also, about grading and quality standardssuch as tree age whereby the fruit from mature trees (older than 30 - 40 years) is highly prioritized as it yields a more intense flavor, deeper color, and flatter fruit shape compared to younger trees. In Malaysia durian farmers emphasize picking at exactly the right time to prevent the flesh from becoming too ripe. The criteria for a premium Black Thorn (D200) durian are based on specific, high-quality physical and their original taste characteristics. This articlr in "Anim Agriculture Technology" blog I write abaou the criteria og Durian Black Rhorn as a source of technical report. Below are the facts of Durian Black Thorn that was a very popular premium durian varietiy:

(1) DESCRIPTION OF TASTE

Black Thorn durians are small to medium fruits, averaging 1.5 to 3 kilograms, and generally have a round shape with a short, squat stem. The fruits sometimes display prominent, longitudinal seams, giving the surface a bulbous, bubbled appearance, and the angular, wide pyramidal spikes range in color from green, green-brown, to grey-green. At the bottom of the fruit, there is a distinct dried flower stamen found within the concave center, which is labeled as the “thorn” of the durian. This shriveled flower piece is not considered a defining characteristic of Black Thorn durians, as it can be easily snapped off, but beneath the stamen is a small, dark lump. Underneath the sharp exterior, the surface is sliced open to reveal large, fleshy lobes nestled in multiple chambers. There is also a valley or open section between the chambers in the core, sometimes known as a “drain,” revealing golden-orange tones. The flesh ranges in color from pale pink-orange, yellow, golden-orange, to dark orange depending on the tree's age. Dark flesh is an indication of mature trees. The flesh is finely wrinkled, almost fiberless, and has a very thin, translucent surface that can be easily pierced, releasing the soft, creamy flesh. Black Thorn durians are known for having a dense but soft, tender, and light consistency with high sugar and fat content, contributing to an intense, complex flavor. The flesh bears a rich, wine-like aroma and is sweet, fruity, pungent, and subtly bitter with a faint alcoholic aftertaste. It is important to note that fruits grown on mature trees have a more developed and favorable flavor. Younger trees tend to produce fruits with a very sweet, artificial-like strawberry taste. Normally the seasons or the availability of durian Black Thorn is only available for a limited season, primarily found in late July or August. The fruits may also appear for a brief second season in December or January, depending on the region.

2. THE CURRENT FACTS
Black Thorn durians are botanically a part of the Durio genus and are a rare, hybrid variety belonging to the Malvaceae family. The characteristic round fruits are a Malaysian cultivar that was first grown in the mid to late 20th century, but Black Thorn durians did not become a desired variety until the early 21st century. Black Thorn durians are known by a few other names, including D200, Ochee, Hei Tze, and Duri Hitam in Malay. The fruits earned their unusual name from the small, black flower stamen remnant sometimes attached to the bottom of the fruit, known as the “thorn.” In the past decade, Black Thorn durians have quickly increased in demand across Malaysia and Southeast Asia due to celebrity endorsements, durian contests and awards, and local media outlets. Some durian enthusiasts also claim the variety will eventually become more popular than musang king durians. Currently, the demand for Black Thorn durians surpasses the supply as the best tasting fruits are harvested from very old, mature trees. Many of the Black Thorn durian trees in Malaysia are still considered young, limiting the supply of quality-tasting fruits. Black Thorn durians are a luxury variety that often sells out within hours of the fruits being harvested, and is sought after for its exclusivity, complex flavor, and light, soft, and melting flesh. Talk about the nutritional value in which Black Thorn durians are an excellent source of vitamin C, an antioxidant that strengthens the immune system, boosts collagen production, and reduces inflammation. The fruits are also a good source of potassium to balance fluid levels within the body, magnesium to regulate blood pressure, fiber to stimulate the digestive tract, manganese to assist with protein digestion, and contain lower amounts of phosphorus, iron, copper, and zinc. In Malaysia, Black Thorn durians are primarily consumed raw as the rare variety is savored for its intensely sweet and subtly bitter flavor when fresh. The cultivar is challenging to find in local markets, and consumers often have to seek out multiple growers to track down one of the fruits. With its limited availability, Black Thorn durians are also expensive, leading consumers to choose to eat the flesh raw in order to experience the variety’s full flavor. Black Thorn durians are valued for their dense, soft flesh, and many consumers comment that the flesh does not feel as heavy as other durian varieties in the stomach. Despite the fruit being mainly consumed raw, Black Thorn durians can be used in any recipe calling for durian, including shakes, sticky rice, porridges, and desserts. In rare circumstances, Black Thorn durians are also frozen and consumed as an icy treat on hot, humid days. Black Thorn durians should be eaten immediately once opened for the best quality and flavor. The flesh can also be frozen for two months in an airtight, sealed package.

3. ADDITIONAL INFO
Black Thorn durians are famously sold at Jawi Pesta Durian, also known as the Jawi Durian Festival in Malaysia. The annual event features multiple vendors selling many different durian varieties, allowing visitors to sample both rare and common durian cultivars. Each vendor often constructs tables to crack open the fresh fruits for visitors to share in a relaxed setting. Jawi Pesta Durian is held to celebrate the diversity among the durian varieties. Durian connoisseurs appreciate Jawi Pesta Durian as it allows for sampling of the same varieties through multiple vendors. Among varieties such as the Black Thorn durian, fruits will widely vary in flavor depending on the tree's age, and purchasing the fruit from multiple vendors will provide a better understanding of the fruit’s true flavor. At the festival, two vendors are known for selling Black Thorn durians. Leow Cheok Keong, the farmer who registered Black Thorn durians with the Malaysian Department of Agriculture, has been selling durians at the festival for many years. Leow has a developed a reputation among locals for his quality and reasonably priced durians. Peter Lai, the largest distributor of durian in Penang, is also known for his Black Thorn durians and sells the fruits at his 668 Durian Stall. In Malaysia Black Thorn durians were first grown along the coastal mainland of Penang in Lima Kongsi. The variety was believed to have been created by Bagi Kau, a farmer who cultivated an unknown Thai durian and hybridized the variety with a local Malaysian durian. Kau kept Black Thorn durians a secret for many years, selling the fruits to consumers on a waitlist, and refused to propagate the trees. In the mid-1980s, Kau eventually allowed his friend Leow Cheok Keong to take cuttings from the beloved durian tree and graft the variety on his farm in Nibong Tebal. The initial fruits grown from the cuttings were pale and artificially sweet, lacking a distinct flavor, leading Leow to mostly ignore the disappointing fruits. It took over 30 years for the trees to mature and produce quality-flavored durians. While Leow was perfecting the flavor of his durians, Ah Heng, another durian farmer who works with durian distributor Peter Lai, grafted Black Thorn durians onto D24 trees on his farm in 2000. Ten years later, in 2010, Heng’s Black Thorn durians were sold through a durian stall at the Genting Highlands Resort near Kuala Lumpur, sparking the first publicity surrounding the new variety. In 2011, Leow was finally satisfied with his fruit’s flavor and was entered into the Penang State Government’s Annual Fruit Competition, where Black Thorn durians won second prize. Leow continued to enter Black Thorn durians into the competition, taking first prize the following three years, and generated international press around the variety. Leow registered Black Thorn durians with the Malaysian Department of Agriculture and was approved in 2015, listing the variety under the code D200. Today Black Thorn durians are one of the rarest Malaysian varieties and are in high demand, selling out within hours of being collected. The rare fruits are cultivated through multiple farms in Malaysia, especially in the states of Penang and Pahang and the territory of Kuala Lumpur. The fruits are also sometimes exported to Indonesia and China. Thanks.

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist,

Melaka,

Malaysia.

(January 2026).