PORANG AGROFORESTRY - A MODEL

AGROFORESTRY TO GROW PORANG ia a model implemented in Indonesia for commercialization. Porang is a bulbous plant that can grow in shaded trees at intensity between 40 - 75%. Introduction of Porang under forest    stands began in the 1980s in Klangon, RPH Saradan and later spread in East Java. Porang produces mannan flour or Konnyaku flour which in Japan is processed into various functional food ingredients (Konnyaku, 2015) for the use of prevention or treatment of diabetes and is good for digestion. Porang habitat in Malang, Jawa, Indosesia for instance, is located in the shade of surrounding vegetation. Many wild-growing Porang is found under bamboo stands, while Porang that is cultivated is widely grown under Teak plants but nowadays in which Japan is a major producer of Konnyaku flour from the Amorpophallus konjac species. This type is actually cultivated without needing shade (See photo above). Porang is able to grow well in various types of shading and according to Japanese Ministry of Finance’s statistic the production of Porang tubers in the past five years always above 60,000 tons per year, except for 2013 due to climate change factors, and despite a fluctuating trend there was more than 70,000 tons in 2015. Japan also imports Konyaku flour from various countries in Southeast Asia, such as Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and Indonesia. There is a tendency for Konnyaku flour imports from Indonesia to increase in the past seven years and even in 2014 defeated Myanmar, Laos, nd China. This is an opportunity for Indonesian government to increase exporting of Konnyaku flour by expanding adoption and diffusion of Porang tubers under forest stands. Thin blog ''Anim Agriculture Technology'' write about the agroforestry far porang growing as a model.

Several studies have shown contribution of Porang tubers increasing income of forest farming families. Currently, price of Porang tubers is around Rp 4,500/kg of wet tubers or Rp 31,000/kg dried tubers. In one hectare, 5 - 6 tons of wet tubers may be obtained, so that the potential gross income from its tubers planted within one-hectare forest stands may reach Rp 25 - 35 million/year. This amount is helpful to increase income of forest farmer families. This contribution should be doubled by improving intensive cultivation in terms of spacing and fertilization. Agroforestry is a system of land use (farming) that combines trees with agricultural crops to increase profits, both economically and environmentally. Its scheme is one of an effective methods of land management for equity and stages to overcome poverty in village forest community by contributing to household income 41.32 percent and employment of 2.39 people per ha.  Several benefits of applying its method, such as (1) increasing food production, farmer income, employment opportunities and increasing the quality of community nutrition so as to achieve farmers’ welfare around forests; (2) increasing knowledge and skills of farmers to develop an agricultural intensification system in dry soils in the countryside which means increased productivity of dry agricultural land (moor), and (3) increasing public awareness of forest functions that are expected to reduce pressure against forest disturbances.

Porang growing activities in three year activities program included institutional workshops and introduction of Porang cultivation, procurement of Porang seeds, development of demonstration plot, and facilitation on planting Porang under stands have been done. These activities increase basic work in environmental knowledge and skills of farmers in the model of agroforestry. Porang cultivation in selected area by farmer group institution for continution for thr next two year-program of Agroforestry Porang in managing post-harvest to increase farmers' income from porang production. Based on studies done and farmers experience in community service program in Banyusoco village, Gunung Kidul, goverment suggest to be considered in developing PLDT are as follows. First, the need for socialization and discussion that provides an overview of where program will be directed. Visualization of final goal of program may use documentary films or images of actual conditions desired in the future or empirically practiced. Second, need to strengthen institutions by making clear rules of the game about what to do, who will do what, who will give what and what to get. Third, the need for assistance in every activity in the field so that there is appropriate technology transfer and communication between members and administrators. Explanation and giving direct examples in the field of the cultivation techniques carried out may increase their confidence in what they are doing. Thanks...

By,

M Anim,

Putrajaya,

Malaysia.

(January 2021).

Updated on 26 October 2025.

Wellcome All Leader to 47th ASEAN Summit at Kuala Lumpur.

PAPAYA LEAVES AND DENGUE ISSUE

REPORTED THAT PAPAYA LEAVES (Carica papaya) able ti improve platelet counts in dengue patient, and are unlikely to cause liver, kidney or heart failure says the Malaysian Health Ministry. In a statement that the Health Ministry said from the research activity revealed that after taking the papaya leaf juice there are an increase in platelet counts for normal dengue and hemorrhagic dengue class 1 patients had been recorded. Reported that clinical trials by the Institute for Medical Research (IMR) on use of papaya leaf in dengue patients (both normal dengue and hemorrhagic dengue show that by taking a dosage of 30ml(two tablespoons) of juice from mature papaya leaves every day, platelet counts increase after three days.The platelet increase is just one of the processes that happens in a patient that affected by dengue. Research is still ongoing on the use of papaya leaf juice for dengue. The health ministry does not provide papaya leaf juice at any of its hospitals. The statement from the health ministry comes in the wake of claims by individuals highlighted in the media, claiming that the juice of papaya leaves was dangerous for consumption. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" I share an information about papaya leaves and dengue issue form few resources including NST portal.

Papaya leaves do improve platelet counts in dengue patient, and are unlikely to cause liver, kidney or heart failure says the Health Ministry. Reported a few days ago, there was a news or statement from certain parties stating that the leaves of papaya leaves contain a dangerous chemical known as cyanogenic glycoside which could cause liver, kidney or heart failure and ultimately death. Cyanogenic glycoside or 'bad sugar' is contained in 2000 species of plants, including food items such as tapioca, almonds, seeds, cinnamon, bamboo shoots, fruits that have kernels such as apricots, peaches, plums and cherries and other. The statement went on to clarify that while the leaf did contain the chemical in small dosages (0.02 mg in every four leaves), a 60kg person would need to consume 12,000 papaya leaves at one time to cause any acute poisoning. The statement went on to say that during safety tests conducted by IMR on lab animals, it was revealed that even with a dosage of 2000mg per kg of body weight, no side effects were seen on the kidneys, liver and heart.

 

A report titled "Alternative herbal drink introduced to combat dengue fever" related to this topic. An alternative herbal drink to fight the dengue fever has been introduced. This repored stated that thanks to Al Faris Herbs, the 'Sari Daun Betik' is rich in Vitamin C and minerals, made with papaya leaf extract to increase blood platelets in human body. The Al Faris advisor Datuk Dr Shuib Saedin, who is also a medical practitioner, said the drink helps to increase low level of platelets in human body. The papaya leaf juice is probably the most well-known alternative treatment for dengue.  However, it is bitter to consume, especially for children.  They claimed that they carried out scientific studies in the past few months and produced this herbal remedy which consists of dates, honey and other vitamins combined with the papaya leaf extract to combat dengue fever/ Dr Shuib said the results cannot be said to be definitive, due to their small study size, but they are certainly promising (See photo above). The product will be available in market starting today and can be found in sundry and retail shops. It is priced at RM55 per bottle and could last more than a month. Meanwhile, the latest report from the Health Ministry states that as of May 5, the number of dengue cases has increased to 41,450 cases and 126 deaths nationwide. This information make sense in Malaysia as related information for locals. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist,

Melacca City,

Malaysia.

(30 Rejab 1446H).

OISTRICH FARMING IN MALAYSIA

THE OSTRICH industry produces skin, oil, feathers and meat as major products has high potential for commercialization. Current world production of ostrich meat is between 12,000 to 15,000 metric ton. About 60% of this production is in South Africa with the remainder is distributed in other countries in the world such as the United States, Australia, Spain, Poland and Middle Eastern countries. Malaysia not yet develop the ostrich industry except for tourism as a new attraction. Major products from ostrich production include fresh meat, steaks, sausages and burgers. As a result of this evolution until today, many restaurants and hotels have added ostrich meat products to their menus as a unique with healthy product commonly requested by the consumer. Despite its avian nature, the ostrich meat is considered a red meat, as it has a reddish color before cooking. This is primarily because of the type of muscles in ostrich in which are mainly for extended activities such as for ovement such as walking, standing and running sometimes. These muscles ability to store a high concentration of the protein myoglobin (22–30 µg of Fe/g) with large amounts of oxygen to support this long-term energy use. The reddish color of myoglobin in the muscles defines ostrich meat as a red meat. Acceptable yield of ostrich meat can be attained at 10 mo of age. Ostrich carcass weight could reach 57.57 to 58.59% of the live Body Weight (100 -130 kg). The separable lean meat of an ostrich is about 62.5% of the ostrich carcass, which compares with 65% for chicken broiler, 71% for turkeys, and 64% for beef . Ten muscles of the ostrich comprise two-thirds of this lean meat, with the remaining one-third as lean trimmings. Sex has no effect on meat yield in young ostriches. However, females tend to have more subcutaneous fat (65.9 vs. 46.7 g/kg for females and males, respectively), more intra- muscular fat for females and males and more total fat (200.5 vs. 156.6 g/kg for females and males, respectively). Several parameters are used to evaluate the quality of ostrich meat; tenderness, color and concentration of hydrogen ion are the most important parameters used. This article in "Anim Agro Technology" I would like to share information on the potential of ostrich industry.

Tenderness is the most important quality characteristic sought by meat consumers an individual. The definition of tenderness is confined to the ease of shearing or cutting during mastication, whereas texture refers to meatiness, greasiness, softness, and structural fineness of the meat before and after mastication. Tenderness is subjectively determined by the consumer and is affected by the cooking methods and cooking temperature. Tenderness of ostrich meat depends on the type of muscle from which it originates. However the taste panelists in the USA indicated that consumers have the same tenderness. It was reported that the low fat content of ostrich meat does not affect the juiciness and texture of ostrich meat, which remains similar to beef. The effect of age on tenderness of ostrich meat was also studied. Sensory analysis by taste panelists reported that meat of younger birds (10-11 month of age) was more tender compared with meat from older birds (14 -15 mo up to 8 year of age).

For the public consumer, color is the first characteristic detected by them for selection of any meat. Ostrich meat is classified as a newly marketed red meat. Compared with beef the ostrich meat is darker in color. The red color is due to the high pigment content of the meat that ranging between 104 and 153 mg of Ferum/gram compared with 69 mg of Ferum /gram in beef from animals of comparable age. This pigment content is slightly different between different muscles of ostrich meat. Another characteristic of importance is the pH value of ostrich meat. It is well known that the pH of living muscles is about 7.2, but when the animal dies the pH drops due to lactic acid production that is a result of anaerobic glycolysis. Ostrich meat is characterized by relatively high hydrogen ion concentration measured 24 hours after bleeding of the bird. This explains the high water-holding capacity of ostrich meat, which makes it an ideal processing meat, as moisture-retaining agents such as phosphate are not needed. As health awareness of modern consumers continues to evolve and more importance is added to the nutritive value of their food. Recently a great attention is being paid to ostrich meat because it combines the flavor of beef and the low intramuscular fat and cholesterol content of poultry.

Several researchers have reported that the fat content and fatty acid profile of ostrich meat differs among different types of muscles from the ostrich carcass. These muscles were chosen because of their high mass and economic value. No significant difference was seen for total lipids and percentage of total saturated and monosaturated fatty acids between the 2 muscles. A comprehensive review on the nutritive value of ostrich meat and concluded, based on different studies, that ostrich meat has a beneficial polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio. In recent years, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have received considerable attention in both human and animal nutrition, particularly those of the n-3 family (omega-3 fatty acids). Enrichment of ostrich meat with n-3 PUFA by supplementation with oilseeds, especially linseed, may provide a good source of these fatty acids in the human diet. Increased oil intake significantly decreased muscle pH and muscle lightness. However, no significant effect on the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash content) of the meat was noted. Increasing levels of fish oil increased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in both adipose tissue and muscle, whereas the PUFA concentration decreased with increasing dietary fish oil levels. Fish oil did not affect the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids.

Ostrich meat is considered an ideal red meat for people seeking to control their body weight. Comparable to beef and other poultry meats, ostrich meat is considered as an alternative to red meat for its favorable fatty acid profile and low intramuscular fat content. The fat-to-protein ratio is the key characteristic that favors ostrich meat as a healthy red meat.  The total fatty acid composition was the same for ostrich, turkey and bovine meats. The cholesterol content is thought to be lower for ostrich meat than that of beef and other poultry meats. Compared their mean cholesterol content with cholesterol values that were reported for chicken meat. The meats analysed contained mineral such as phosphorus, manganese and iron are higher and sodium is lower in ostrich meat than either beef or chicken. Ostrich meat is known to have a low fat content, preferable fatty acid profile, low fat-to-protein ratio, low sodium, and high iron content in which is the main attraction for consumers. Ostrich meat is now considered as a red meat that is a healthy alternative to beef and poultry meats. Variations in meat quality traits observed in research studies must be considered as well as differences in carcass yield, resulting from different slaughter methods and from different analysis methodologies. Ostrich has a bright potential to be introduced in Malaysia as a new livestock industry. Thanks.

By,
M Anem,
Senior Agronomist,
Precint 11, Putrajaya,
WP, Malaysia.
(19 JamadilAwal 1440H).

Updated on 19 RabiulAkhir 1447H.

WHAT IS THE REPELLENT PLANT? (Part 3)

MOSQUITOES (or Nyamuk in Malays) is the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. Anyhow the word mosquito is Spanish and Portuguese word for little fly. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. Mosquitoes are also a common flying insect that live in most parts of the world including in Malaysia and all the Asean countries. Reported that there are over 3,700 types of mosquitoes can be found worldwide. Normally when a mosquito bites a person, common reactions to the bite are itching and swelling depending on individual. However, some mosquitoes are vectors. A vector is an animal, insect, or tick that spreads germs to people or animals that can make them sick. The facts about mosquitoes in which I belived that almost everyone has been experience once bitten by a mosquito. Mosquitoes can spread pathogens (germs) through bites. A person who gets bitten by a mosquito and gets sick has a mosquito-borne disease like West Nile virus, dengue, or malaria. Adult mosquitoes live indoors and outdoors. Most mosquitoes can bite day and night. The adult mosquitoes live for about 2 to 4 weeks depending on the species, humidity, temperature, and other factors. Females often live longer than males. Actually, only female mosquitoes bite people and animals to get a blood meal. Most female mosquitoes need a blood meal to produce eggs. Mosquitoes get infected with germs, such as viruses and parasites, when they bite infected people and animals. Cases in a few infected mosquitoes can start an outbreak in a community and put you and your family at risk of becoming sick. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" I write in few articles about some repellent plants for mosquitoes as explained.

Mint plants, particularly spearmint and peppermint, can act as natural repellents for various pests, including mosquitoes, flies, spiders, and even some rodents. Their strong scent, due to the presence of menthol, is generally disliked by these insects and animals. To create a natural pest repellent using mint, you can make a spray by combining mint leaves with water and potentially adding dish soap. Alternatively, you can use mint essential oil diluted with a carrier like witch hazel or rubbing alcohol. Actually, to grow a mint plant, start by choosing a pot or a designated area in your garden, ensuring it's well-drained and receives full sun to partial shade. Mint prefers moist soil, so maintain consistent moisture, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. You can propagate mint easily from cuttings, which is generally easier than growing from seeds. Harvesting regularly encourages new growth. Mint is an excellent nontoxic option for keeping mosquitoes, flies and even ants away. The more pungent the aroma, the less bugs you’ll have. Grow it in pots on your patio where it can be easily reached if you want to drop a leaf or two in your afternoon tea. You can even dry the leaves and use them inside your home as a natural pest control method.

 

Floss Flower identified as a plants that contain coumarin, a chemical used in some commercial insect repellent sprays. Mosquitoes don't like the smell of this chemical, also found in sweetgrass. Not only do they help keep biting bugs at bay; they're also notably ornamental, producing blue, pink, and white blooms in the summer and fall. Their attractive annual flower makes great bedding or container plants. Floss flower contains coumarin, a chemical that helps repel mosquitoes but also makes it toxic if ingested by pets or humans. The Floss Flower is an annual plant, native to Mexico in which they are great plants for containers or for mass plantings in your flower beds, or as border plants. Floss Flowers can be grown in full sun except in very hot climates, where it should be planted in partial shade. Floss Flowers dislike drying out, so regular deep watering is essential. Once established, feed monthly with a balanced NPK at the formulation of 10:10:10 fertilizer in which the plant Floss Flowers 6"-12" apart in the garden any time after all danger of frost has passed. Pinch back new growth on young plants to encourage them to branch out. Be sure to remove spent blooms regularly to induce continued flowers.

Usually the plants will not be disturbed by pests, especially if grown within the proper environment.

Sage Plant or Sage and also known as Salvia officinalis, is a fragrant herb that is not only used in cooking but also possesses mosquito-repellent properties. Its strong aroma acts as a natural deterrent, making it an effective tool in your battle against mosquitos. Reported that if you love gathering around a fire pit in your backyard, then plant some sage nearby. Toss some of the plant into the flames and its earthy smell will ward off bugs. Sage can also be dried and used to make homemade bug spray. To grow a sage plant for its insect-repelling properties, focus on providing it with the right conditions, including sunlight, soil, and water. Sage is generally easy to care for, but it can be affected by pests and diseases, so be mindful of those as well. Sage can also be used in companion planting to deter pests from other plant. 

 

Allium Plants (Perennial Crop are among herbs including leeks, chives, and shallots in which ita can help repel aphids, cabbage worms, slugs, and carrot flies. Plant Alliums next to rose bushes or in your vegetable garden to protect your tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, carrots, broccoli, etc. Their bulbs in which include garlic and onions able to release a strong fragrance that mosquitoes don’t like. You’ll enjoy the whimsical globe-shaped flowers of allium that seem to float atop long slender, stems. To use alliums as a natural repellent for pests like rabbits and deer, plant them around your garden or mixed in with other plants. Alliums, including onions, garlic, chives, and leeks can produce a scent that can deter these animals. In addition to growing the plants listed above, you should also practice good mosquito control in your garden so that the pests don’t get out of hand. The best thing you can do is prevent water from collecting and becoming stagnant; mosquitoes can lay hundreds of eggs even in a tiny spoonful of standing water. For mosquito rings reported that it can be used virtually anywhere you have standing water rain barrels, birdbaths, water gardens, ponds and even animal watering troughs. They contain a naturally occurring such asa pategen ma,ed as Bacterium (Bt israelensis) that kills mosquito larvae in which there are also other natural products available that can help ward off mosquitoes in your garden. These situation include known as citronella torches and candles, as well as essential oils derived from the plants listed here. Talk about the importance of Mosquito Control in which throughout the years, mosquitoes have transmitted many diseases including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis, and more recently the West Nile and Zika viruses. Mosquitoes are even to blame for heartworm in dogs. So, it isn’t just about the annoyance or the itchy bite, it is a health concern for your family and pets. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Malacca,

Malaysia.

(May 2025).

Updated October 2025.

WHAT IS THE REPELLENT PLANT? (Part 2)

MOSQUITOES (or Nyamuk in Malays) is the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. Anyhow the word mosquito is Spanish and Portuguese word for little fly. For me that repellent plants, also known as mosquito-repelling plants, utilize their natural scents or chemicals to deter mosquitoes and other insects. Popular options include lavender, rosemary, lemongrass, catnip, and marigolds. In Malaysia mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. Mosquitoes are also a common flying insect that live in most parts of the world including in Malaysia and all the Asean countries. Reported that there are over 3,700 types of mosquitoes can be found worldwide. Normally when a mosquito bites a person, common reactions to the bite are itching and swelling depending on individual. However, some mosquitoes are vectors. A vector is an animal, insect, or tick that spreads germs to people or animals that can make them sick. The facts about mosquitoes in which I belived that almost everyone has been experience once bitten by a mosquito. Mosquitoes can spread pathogens (germs) through bites. A person who gets bitten by a mosquito and gets sick has a mosquito-borne disease like West Nile virus, dengue, or malaria. Adult mosquitoes live indoors and outdoors. Most mosquitoes can bite day and night. The adult mosquitoes live for about 2 to 4 weeks depending on the species, humidity, temperature, and other factors. Females often live longer than males. Actually, only female mosquitoes bite people and animals to get a blood meal. Most female mosquitoes need a blood meal to produce eggs. Mosquitoes get infected with germs, such as viruses and parasites, when they bite infected people and animals. Cases in a few infected mosquitoes can start an outbreak in a community and put you and your family at risk of becoming sick. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" I write in few articles about some repellent plants for mosquitoes as explained.

Rosemary Plant are another great mosquito repellant is rosemary. The report stated that it was recommended this plant. Rosemary is an herb that many of us are very familiar with and their woody scent is exactly what keeps mosquitoes as well as cabbage moths and carrot flies away. They do best in hot and dry climates and thrive in containers, which may be ideal for areas with winters. They can also be pruned into all sorts of shapes and sizes and make great borders or decorations. While the pests stay away you can enjoy the herb’s scent and also use it to season your cooking. Read more about how to grow this plant. Basil plants act as a natural repellent for various insects due to their strong scent and aromatic oils, particularly effective against mosquitoes, flies, and other pests. The scent of basil, especially from the leaves, can deter or even repel these insects. Different varieties of basil, like Thai, lemon, cinnamon, and Peruvian basil, are known for their stronger scents, making them more effective as mosquito repellents.

Basil is another herb that can also double as a pest repellent. The pungent smell the basil leaves give off are what keep pests at bay. And since all kinds of basil work to keep flies and mosquitoes at bay, feel free to explore and find the right types of basil to mix into your garden. This herb likes to be kept damp, needs good drainage, and enjoys lots of sun. You can plant basil in containers or in the garden, alone or with other flowers, as long as both plants meet the same requirements. For me basil plants act as a natural repellent for various insects due to their strong, aromatic scent and the oils they produce. Specifically, basil is known to deter flies, mosquitoes, aphids, and asparagus beetles. The scent from basil can also be used to repel other pests like ants, spiders, and cockroaches.

Reported that Citronella or Scented Geranium are also a popular mosquito-repelling plant. Recommended by PlantShed, BBG, and NYBG, the favored scent seems to be lemon scented, which is reminiscent of citronella grass. The strong fragrance keeps several types of pests away. These fast-growing plants like warm, sunny, and dry climates, but if you are in a cold-climate area, they can be grown in planters with constant pruning. Citronella plants, particularly citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and citronella geraniums, are known for their mosquito-repelling properties. Citronella grass is known for its strong, lemony scent that mosquitoes dislike. Citronella geraniums, while also containing citronella, are more grown for their fragrant leaves and attractive flowers rather than for commercial oil extraction.

 

Bee Balm Plant (Monarda) is a perennial plant known for its fragrant scent, which helps to repel mosquitoes, and its ability to attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. It releases a strong, incense-like odor that can confuse mosquitoes by masking the smells given off by humans. As a perennial plant that looks gorgeous in the garden, horsemint (aka bee balm) offers two useful characteristics: It attracts pollinators (like bees) but repels mosquitoes. It gives off a strong, incense-like odor that confuses the pests by masking the smells given off by humans. Anybody want to attract good bugs like bees and butterflies, while deterring the bad ones? Then bee balm, also known as Monarda or horsemint, is the plant for you. Simply crush its leaves to release the fragrant oils. Plus, you’ll get to enjoy colorful flowers, in shades of red, pink, lavender, white, or purple, all summer long. This article segmented in 3 segmen. Thanks...

By,
M Anem,
Malacca,
Malaysia.
(May 2025).

WHAT IS THE REPELLENT PLANT? (Part 1)

MOSQUITOES (or Nyamuk in Malays) is the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. Anyhow the word mosquito is Spanish and Portuguese word for little fly. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. Mosquitoes are also a common flying insect that live in most parts of the world including in Malaysia and all the Asean countries. Reported that there are over 3,700 types of mosquitoes can be found worldwide. Normally when a mosquito bites a person, common reactions to the bite are itching and swelling depending on individual. However, some mosquitoes are vectors. A vector is an animal, insect, or tick that spreads germs to people or animals that can make them sick. The facts about mosquitoes in which I belived that almost everyone has been experience once bitten by a mosquito. Mosquitoes can spread pathogens (germs) through bites. A person who gets bitten by a mosquito and gets sick has a mosquito-borne disease like West Nile virus, dengue, or malaria. Adult mosquitoes live indoors and outdoors. Most mosquitoes can bite day and night. The adult mosquitoes live for about 2 to 4 weeks depending on the species, humidity, temperature, and other factors. Females often live longer than males. Actually, only female mosquitoes bite people and animals to get a blood meal. Most female mosquitoes need a blood meal to produce eggs. Mosquitoes get infected with germs, such as viruses and parasites, when they bite infected people and animals. Cases in a few infected mosquitoes can start an outbreak in a community and put you and your family at risk of becoming sick. Most insect-repelling plants do so with their natural fragrances, which keep annoying mosquitoes away and introduce wonderful scents throughout your garden. If you don't want to douse yourself or your garden in chemical bug sprays you can grow some of these plants to help keep mosquitoes away naturally. Plant these plants in areas where guests will be often such as by a seating area or a doorway. This article in "Anim Agriculture Technology" I write in few articles about some repellent plants for mosquitoes as explained.

LEMON GRASS or SERAI or Citronella Grass are known for its distinct smell, citronella grass (or lemon grass) is the most commonly used natural ingredient in mosquito repellants. In fact, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden recommends lemon-scented plants such as citronella grass to keep mosquitoes at bay. And the good news is that the living plant is the most effective at repelling pests. This low-maintenance plant does best in large planters because it cannot withstand frost, but in warmer climates, can be planted directly a sunny area in the ground.

Lemongrass is a widely recognized and effective natural mosquito repellent. Its essential oil, primarily citronella, contains compounds that mask the scents mosquitoes use to find their targets, like carbon dioxide and lactic acid. This makes it harder for mosquitoes to locate humans, reducing bites and the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses.

Lavender Plant with purplish color of the flower are easy to grow in Malaysia. Many readers ever noticed that insects or even rabbits and other animals have never decimated your lavender plant. It is because of their lovely fragrance, which comes from its essential oils that are found on the leaves of the plant. It is even argued that lavender oil hinders a mosquito’s ability to smell! This plant is very tough and drought-resistant once established and only needs full sun and good drainage. And while it can endure many climates, it thrives in warmer areas.  Lavender is a well-known natural repellent for various insects and pests. Its strong, fragrant scent is unpleasant to many insects, including mosquitoes, flies, moths, and fleas. Lavender can be used in various ways to deter insects: planting lavender in gardens, using dried lavender sachets, or creating a spray with lavender essential oil.

Marigolds Plants are an easy-to-grow annual flower, emit a smell that deters mosquitoes. Grow them in pots and place them near your patio or entrance to your home to keep bugs out. Marigolds are also a popular addition to borders and vegetable gardens. According to NYBG, not only can they keep away mosquitoes, but they also dissuade aphids, thrips, whiteflies, Mexican bean beetles, squash bugs, and tomato hornworms. Read more about growing marigold flowers.

Marigolds are well-known for their ability to repel various pests due to their strong scent and root exudates. They are effective against insects, nematodes, and even some larger animals like deer and rabbits
 
 

Catmint Plant is a natural insect repellent and particularly effective against mosquitoes and other pests. It contains nepetalactone, a chemical that repels insects, including mosquitoes, cockroaches, and termites. Catmint can be used as a natural alternative to chemical repellents, offering a safer option for families and pets. Known as Catnip (catmint) can be found thriving almost anywhere. It is from the mint family and grows abundantly both as a commercial plant and as a weed. It is very easy to take care of and may even start to invade other areas of your garden. However, if you are willing to forgo this plant’s insidious nature, they are amazing mosquito repellants and another recommendation from the BBG. In a study at Iowa State University, catmint was found to be ten times more effective than DEET, the chemical used in most insect repellants. There are many nursery in Malaysia selling catnip plant and ready to plant. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Melaka,

Malaysia.

(May 2025).  

Updated September 2025.

BENEFIT OF PINEAPPLE - EAT WELL

MALAYSIA GROWS many varieties of premium pineapples variety including MD2, Moris, N36, Sarawak, Gandul, Yankee, Josapine, and Masapine. The MD2 variety (as photo above) is the most popular and is grown for its sweet taste, bright color, and long shelf life. Known by its trade names such as “Golden Ripe”, “Super Sweet”, “Rompine” or “Pineapple Gold”, MD2 is superior than other varieties because of its enrichingly bright and golden colour, sweeter taste and longer shelf life. The weight ranges from 1.5 kg to 3 kg, and the price is based on the current market price. In a question is pineapple Malaysia local fruit actually these non-seasonal fruits which can be enjoyed the whole year round are fruits like papaya, guava, pineapple and banana. However, these local fruits are generally inexpensive and can easily be available at the local supermarket, night market, roadside stall, anywhere during their peak season. The industry grew rapidly in Johor in conjunction with the rubber industry as pineapples were intercropped in the rubber plantations. The pineapple plant is a herbaceous perennial and produces up to 200 flowers that join together to create multiple fruits typically 15 to 20 months after planting. The world pineapple production rank by country in 2022 lead by Indonesia (3,203,775 million mt), Philippines (2,914,425 million mt), Costa Rica (2,909,750 million mt) and from Brazil (2,337,302 million mt). Malaysia ranked 22th in the pineapple prodution especiaaly for fresh segment. This article ini "Anim Agriculture Technology" I write ana rticle about the benefit of pineapple to eat well and healthy.

 

For me pineapple has its origins in the tropical regions of Brazil and Paraguay. Early Spanish settlers in the region were intrigued by the fruit’s regal look that resembled a pinecone. Reported that they described it as “pina de Indies”. Because of its look, native English speakers translated it to “pineapple”, even though it is not related to either the apple or the pine! In fact, the pineapple is a cluster of berries that is anchored to a core. The scales on the thick skin are actually its flowers. The pineapple is one of my favourite fruits, and not just because of its tangy, sweet taste. I find the pineapple to be one of the most gorgeous, exotic fruits to look at, with its vibrant yellow and green hues. It is such an attractive addition to a bowl of mixed tropical fruit on our kitchen counters. But it’s not only a looker, it has very impressive nutritional credentials to boot. A 100 grammes of fresh pineapple has only 50 calories, is fat-free, has a milligramme of sodium and 1.4g of dietary fibre. A 100g of pineapple also contributes 79 per cent of your vitamin C intake for the day. Other notable vitamins and minerals include potassium, vitamin B6 and thiamin. The most known pineapple benefit are BROMELAIN-RICH for health. Reported that pineapple is rich in a mix of enzymes called bromelain. The two active ingredients in bromelain are proteinases and proteases. Their function is to break down protein from the foods we eat. Pineapple can be used to marinate meats as it is an effective meat tenderiser. You can combine some fresh pineapple juice and soya sauce to make a simple meat marinade. How long to marinate would depend on the thickness of the cut of meat. 

However for thick chunks, marinate from 20 to 30 minutes. Thinly sliced meat can be marinated for no more than 10 minutes. Just don’t marinate the meat for too long with pineapple as the meat can get too tender and mushy. There is growing interest in the potential health benefits of bromelain among nutrition scientists. Research has shown that potential benefits include reducing inflammation, slowing the progression of cancer tumours and reducing blood clots.  Bromelain enzyme supplements are sold in pharmacies or online in various forms, ranging from capsules and powders in high dosages. However, more research is required to find out the safety of bromelain supplements in such high dosages. There have been reported side effects and contraindications, which include increased heart rate, gastrointestinal discomfort and menstrual complications. Pregnant and breast-feeding women are advised to avoid using bromelain supplements. Moreover, high dosages can interact with other medications such as sedatives, antiobiotics and anticoagulants. Always seek advice from your doctor if you are on any of these prescribed medications. My opinion is to consume your bromelain from eating whole, fresh pineapple. Eating it in its natural form in the recommended serving portion is by far the safest way to consume it. Add pineapple to your weekly fruit intake. A recommended serving is a cupful of fresh pineapple. If juicing, a serving is about three quarters of a cup of freshly squeezed, pure pineapple juice. Remember that when you juice the pineapple, you miss out on the dietary fibre. You can blend the pineapple with a handful of leafy green vegetables (I like baby spinach). Blending retains the fibre, but just changes its texture to a form that can be slurped up. Just add a little water if you prefer your smoothie to be more watery. Another thing to keep in mind when it comes to pineapples is if you have an allergy to latex. There is an estimated portion of the population who experience a cross-reaction from the proteins in latex and foods  such as certain fruit, vegetables and tree nuts. Pineapple is one of those fruits that can cause a cross-reaction. Depending on the severity of the allergy, symptoms can range from itchy skin to anaphylaxis shock. Thanks...

By,

M Anem,

Senior Agronomist Expert,

Melaka City,

Malaysia. 

(January 2025).

Updated June 2025.